Structure of a Contract¶
Vyper contracts are contained within files. Each file contains exactly one contract.
This section provides a quick overview of the types of data present within a contract, with links to other sections where you can obtain more details.
Pragmas¶
Vyper supports several source code directives to control compiler modes and help with build reproducibility.
Version Pragma¶
The version pragma ensures that a contract is only compiled by the intended compiler version, or range of versions. Version strings use NPM style syntax. Starting from v0.4.0 and up, version strings will use PEP440 version specifiers <https://peps.python.org/pep-0440/#version-specifiers>_.
As of 0.3.10, the recommended way to specify the version pragma is as follows:
#pragma version ^0.3.0
The following declaration is equivalent, and, prior to 0.3.10, was the only supported method to specify the compiler version:
# @version ^0.3.0
In the above examples, the contract will only compile with Vyper versions 0.3.x
.
Optimization Mode¶
The optimization mode can be one of "none"
, "codesize"
, or "gas"
(default). For example, adding the following line to a contract will cause it to try to optimize for codesize:
#pragma optimize codesize
The optimization mode can also be set as a compiler option, which is documented in Compiler Optimization Modes. If the compiler option conflicts with the source code pragma, an exception will be raised and compilation will not continue.
EVM Version¶
The EVM version can be set with the evm-version
pragma, which is documented in Setting the Target EVM Version.
State Variables¶
State variables are values which are permanently stored in contract storage. They are declared outside of the body of any functions, and initially contain the default value for their type.
storedData: int128
State variables are accessed via the self object.
self.storedData = 123
See the documentation on Types or Scoping and Declarations for more information.
Functions¶
Functions are executable units of code within a contract.
@external
def bid():
...
Functions may be called internally or externally depending on their visibility. Functions may accept input arguments and return variables in order to pass values between them.
See the Functions documentation for more information.
Events¶
Events provide an interface for the EVM’s logging facilities. Events may be logged with specially indexed data structures that allow clients, including light clients, to efficiently search for them.
event Payment:
amount: int128
sender: indexed(address)
total_paid: int128
@external
@payable
def pay():
self.total_paid += msg.value
log Payment(msg.value, msg.sender)
See the Event documentation for more information.
Interfaces¶
An interface is a set of function definitions used to enable calls between smart contracts. A contract interface defines all of that contract’s externally available functions. By importing the interface, your contract now knows how to call these functions in other contracts.
Interfaces can be added to contracts either through inline definition, or by importing them from a separate file.
interface FooBar:
def calculate() -> uint256: view
def test1(): nonpayable
from foo import FooBar
Once defined, an interface can then be used to make external calls to a given address:
@external
def test(some_address: address):
FooBar(some_address).calculate()
See the Interfaces documentation for more information.